Biography of Betty Friedan, Feminist, Writer, Activist

Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921–February 4, 2006) was an author and activist whose seminal 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is credited with helping spark the modern feminist movement in the United States. Among her other accomplishments, Friedan was the founder and first president of the National Organization for Women (NOW). Fast Facts: Betty Friedan Known For: Helping spark the modern feminist movement; founder and first president of the National Organization of WomenAlso Known As: Betty Naomi GoldsteinBorn: February 4, 1921 in Peoria, IllinoisParents: Harry M. Goldstein, Miriam Goldstein  Horwitz OberndorfDied: February 4, 2006 in Washington, D.C.Education: Smith College  (BA), University of California, Berkeley (M.A.)Published Works: The Feminine Mystique (1963), The Second Stage (1981), Life so Far (2000)Awards and Honors: Humanist of the Year from the American Humanist Association (1975), Mort Weisinger Award from the American Society of Journalists and Authors (1979), Induction into the National Womens Hall of Fame (1993)Spouse: Carl Friedan (m. 1947–1969)Children: Daniel, Emily, JonathanNotable Quote:  A woman is handicapped by her sex, and handicaps society, either by slavishly copying the pattern of mans advance in the professions or by refusing to compete with man at all. Early Years Friedan was born on February 4, 1921, in Peoria, Illinois as Betty Naomi Goldstein. Her parents were immigrant Jews. Her father was a jeweler and her mother, who had been an editor of the womens pages of a newspaper, left her job to become a homemaker. Bettys mother was unhappy in that choice, and she pushed Betty to get a college education and pursue a career. Betty later dropped out of her doctoral program at the University of California at Berkeley, where she was studying group dynamics, and moved to New York to pursue a career. During World War II, she worked as a reporter for a labor service, and had to give up her job to a veteran who returned at the end of the war. She worked as a clinical psychologist and social researcher along with being a writer. She met and married theatrical producer Carl Friedan, and they moved to Greenwich Village. She took a maternity leave from her job for their first child; she was fired when she asked for maternity leave for her second child in 1949. The union gave her no help in fighting this firing, and so she became a housewife and mother, living in the suburbs. She also wrote freelance magazine articles, many for magazines directed at the middle-class housewife. Survey of Smith Graduates In 1957, for the 15th reunion of her graduating class at Smith, Friedan was asked to survey her classmates on how theyd used their education. She found that 89% were not using their education. Most were unhappy in their roles. Friedan analyzed the results and consulted experts. She found that both women and men were trapped in limiting roles. Friedan wrote up her results and tried to sell the article to magazines but could find no buyers. So she turned her work into a book, which was published in 1963 as The Feminine Mystique. It became a best-seller, eventually translated into 13 languages. Celebrity and Involvement Friedan also became a celebrity as a result of the book. She moved with her family back to the city and she became involved in the growing womens movement. In June 1966, she attended a Washington meeting of state commissions on the status of women. Friedan was among those present who decided that the meeting was unsatisfying, as it didnt generate any actions to implement the findings on the inequality of women. So in 1966, Friedan joined other women in founding the National Organization for Women (NOW). Friedan served as its first president for three years. In 1967, the first NOW convention took on the Equal Rights Amendment and abortion, though NOW viewed the abortion issue as highly controversial and focused more on political and employment equality. In 1969, Friedan helped found the National Conference for the Repeal of Abortion Laws to focus more on the abortion issue; this organization changed its name after the Roe v. Wade decision to become the National Abortion Rights Action League (NARAL). In that same year, she stepped down as NOW president. In 1970, Friedan led in organizing the Womens Strike for Equality on the 50th anniversary of winning the vote for women. The turnout was beyond expectations; 50,000 women participated in New York alone. In 1971, Friedan helped form the National Womens Political Caucus for feminists who wanted to work through the traditional political structure, including political parties, and running or supporting women candidates. She was less active in NOW, which became more concerned with revolutionary action and sexual politics; Friedan was among those who wanted more focus on political and economic equality. Lavender Menace Friedan also took a controversial stand on lesbians in the movement. NOW activists and others in the womens movement struggled over how much to take on issues of lesbian rights and how welcoming to be of movement participation and leadership by lesbians. For Friedan, lesbianism was not a womens rights or equality issue but a matter of private life, and she warned the issue might diminish support for womens rights, using the term lavender menace. Later Years and Death In 1976, Friedan published It Changed My Life, with her thoughts on the womens movement. She urged the movement to avoid acting in ways that made it difficult for mainstream men and women to identify with feminism. By the 1980s, she was more critical of the focus on sexual politics among feminists. She published The Second Stage in 1981. In her 1963 book, Friedan wrote of the feminine mystique and the housewifes question, Is this all? Now Friedan wrote of the feminist mystique and the difficulties of trying to be Superwoman, doing it all. She was criticized by many feminists as abandoning the feminist critique of traditional womens roles, while Friedan credited the rise of Reagan and rightwing conservatism and various Neanderthal forces to the failure of feminism to value family life and children. In 1983, Friedan began to focus on researching fulfillment in the older years, and in 1993 published her findings as The Fountain of Age. In 1997, she published Beyond Gender: The New Politics of Work and Family Friedans writings, from The Feminine Mystique through Beyond Gender, were also criticized for representing the viewpoint of white, middle-class, educated women and for ignoring other womens voices. Among her other activities, Friedan often lectured and taught at colleges, wrote for many magazines, and was an organizer and director of the First Womens Bank and Trust. Friedan died on February 4, 2006, in Washington, D.C. Legacy Despite all of her later work and activism, it was the The Feminine Mystique that truly launched the second-wave feminist movement. It has sold several million copies and been translated into multiple languages. It is a key text in Women’s Studies and U.S. history classes. For years, Friedan toured the United States speaking about The Feminine Mystique and introducing audiences to her groundbreaking work and to feminism. Women have repeatedly described how they felt when reading the book: They realized they were not alone and that they could aspire to something more than the life they were being encouraged or even forced to lead. The idea Friedan expresses is that if women escaped the confines of â€Å"traditional† notions of femininity, they could then truly enjoy being women. Sources Friedan, Betty.  The Feminine Mystique. W.W. Norton Company, 2013.â€Å"Betty Friedan.†Ã‚  National Womens History MuseumFindagrave.com. Find a Grave.

Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 - 1020 Words

Imagine a society where owning books is illegal, and the penalty for their possession—to watch them combust into ashes. Ray Bradbury’s novel, Fahrenheit 451, illustrates just such a society. Bradbury wrote his science fiction in 1951 depicting a society of modern age with technology abundant in this day and age—even though such technology was unheard of in his day. Electronics such as headphones, wall-sized television sets, and automatic doors were all a significant part of Bradbury’s description of humanity. Human life styles were also predicted; the book described incredibly fast transportation, people spending countless hours watching television and listening to music, and the minimal interaction people had with one another. Comparing†¦show more content†¦When the public does not know what the government or the CIA is doing, it cannot voice its approval or disapproval of their actions. In fact, they can even lie to your about what they are doin g or have done, and you will not know it.†(Institute) Why would the CIA want to limit what people can read? Why does the government in Montag’s world burn books in order to keep people from reading? They both wish to censor the people from the truth, to distract them from seeking out what is really going on behind the curtains. As technology grows, the ability to . The mechanical hound that serves as the firemens companion has the ability to sense people and sniff them out like a real dog, it is also fitted with a large needle that injects medicine that causes death. The same can be said when you look at the U.S.’s recent scandals such as the NSA invading peoples privacy through the use of computers and the destruction capable by the use of drones. Technology, in the book, became experienced enough that mobile robots are able to perform on their own, while we have yet to actually make a robot walk on its own accord. The idea of conformity is portrayed all throughout the book in education, entertainment and even fear. Much like our society today, we have controversy thrown at us everyday, to keep our minds busy just as it says in the book â€Å"The televisor is ‘real.’ ItShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451525 Words   |  2 Pages Ray Bradbury’s dystopian novel, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† depicts a future in which all books are outlawed, and the main character, Guy Montag, is a â€Å"fireman†, someone hired to burn books. The novel has won multiple awards and is widely regarded as one of Bradbury’s best works. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is largely subjected to interpretation, surrounded by many theories as to why it was written. â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† is strongly themed and can lead the reader to produce a plethora of ideas for it’s meaning , and theRead MoreSummary Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451912 Words   |  4 Pag esBradbury uses a characters to represent the lives of other characters. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse causes Guy Montag to question his wife, Beatty, and his society (Bradbury, 1953). Clarisse McClellan makes Montag realise how unhappy he is in his marriage and that he really does not have a good relationship with Mildred (Bradbury, 1953). Montag soon begins to question being a fireman and working alongside Captain Beatty. Montag gets very tired living fast past and not getting the timeRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511113 Words   |  5 Pagesand Dying, once imagined that, â€Å"The most beautiful people we have known are those who have known defeat, known suffering, known struggle, known loss, and have found their way out of those depths.† The text’s collection focus on Ray Bradbury’s science fiction, Fahrenheit 451 discusses about the growth and struggles of Guy Montag’s beliefs against his society. Montag is a fir eman and his job is to restrain people from learning by burning books. He meets special people and realizes the stimulation andRead MoreAnalysis Of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511038 Words   |  5 Pagesexpressionless faces connected to even more mindless robotic people. A world where one just breathes and eats, but never truly feels any emotion. Our world is on the way to becoming this, but for Millie and Montag this was a sad, sad, reality in Ray Bradbury’s book Fahrenheit 451. Everything grows with time as did our main character Montag throughout the book. Montag begins as a mindless follower and evolves into a fearless leader. As he grows into this leader his relationship with Mildred goes through multipleRead MoreCensorship in Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451777 Words   |  3 PagesFahrenheit 451 accurately portrays Censorship as it has been throughout history. Ray Bradbury was probably influenced by world events during his time, such as the cold war and other diplomatic l eaders who have censored their citizens to avoid the truth from getting out. From politicians right now and their attempts to censor the media, to censorship from the history of other foreign countries the actions of the â€Å"Firemen† in Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451 are similar in method and meaning. The actionRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesIn Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury uses the life of Guy Montag, a fireman in a near future dystopia, to make an argument against mindless conformity and blissful ignorance. In Bradbury’s world, the firemen that Montag is a part of create fires to burn books instead of putting out fires. By burning books, the firemen eliminate anything that might be controversial and make people think, thus creating a conforming population that never live a full life. Montag is part of this population forRead MoreRay Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Character Analysis708 Words   |  3 Pageswo rld is like for Guy Montag in Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451. In the beginning of the novel, Guy Montag is a fireman who believes that there has never been and will never be a need for books and every book should burn. As the story progresses, he interacts with people and experiences events in his life that change his beliefs and views of the world. By the end of the novel, Guy Montag can recite parts of books off the top of his head. In Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451, Guy Montag learns the truthRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 4 51, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations Read MoreEssay about Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4512103 Words   |  9 Pagesthe point where they cannot entertain their minds with anything meaningful. Above all, the people of this society shun books and remain ignorant about their history and anything beyond their lifestyles. This is the society which Ray Bradbury conjures up in Fahrenheit 451 using science fictional elements to convey the importance of remembering, freedom of speech, and less reliance on machinery. Science fiction was the best medium to help Bradbury express his ideas because it provides the proper balanceRead MoreCharacterization Of A Hero In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 4511272 Words   |  6 Pagesthe world and all of its inhabitants. Fictional novels portray heroes as people that make a difference in the community. This characterization of a hero is also true in Ray Bradburys novel, Fahrenheit 451. Rodney A. Smolla introduces the main charac ter in â€Å"The Life of The Mind and A Life of Meaning: Reflections on Fahrenheit 451† stating that â€Å"Montag begins the novel ostensibly proud of his profession and settled in life, but we soon find that there is disquiet beneath the surface† (897). Throughout

My Agreement Essay Paper Example For Students

My Agreement Essay Paper With Steinbecks SuggestionSteinbeck suggests that in ?The Pearl ,which he wrote, desires of men and women tend to be quite different and I agree with it. Men and women have different thoughts and treated differently. It is true that men uses strength and women uses brains and that men always make troubles. In our society, usually men protect their women and children. With this in our minds, men and women feel themselves different, taught differently when they are born, and usually have different desires. We can learn from ?The Pearl that such as Kino, whom is the man, would start the trouble and pulls Coyotito, Whom is Kinosson, to death. But for Juana, the woman, knew something bad wasgoing to happen when she saw the pearlbut to not destroy her husband, Kino, s dreams, she keeps her mouth shut. I agree with Steinbecks suggestion in ?The Pearl that the desires of men and woman tend to be quite different. In my opinion, Men have strong pride and never want to loose especially in strength. As in ?The Pearl when Juana, who is Kinos wife, asked to throw the pearl that he found away, Kino only thought about winning and fighting. ?I will fight this thing. I will win over it. We will have our chance.? (P.57) Right after a bloodyfight with the man who was aiming for the pearl, Kino became selfish and forgot about his dreams. Only Juana knew that the pearl was evil and told. ?Kino, this pearl is evil. Let us destroy it before it destroys us. Let us crush it between two stones.? (P.56) But she did not want to make her husband disappointed and didnt beg him because sheknew that he will never give up the pearl. Like Juana, women cares about others feelings. In my opinion, men are also more didnt argue about this because she did not want to destroy Kinos dreams. Like Juana, women have passion which shows that women dont want to hurt others feelings. I also think that women are more careful than men. Women usually knows what they are doing, but men mostly make problems. When Kino said, ?I am a man.? (P.57) ?It meant that Kino would drive his strength against a mountain and plunge his strength against the sea. Juana in her womans soul, knew that the mountain would stand while the man broke himself; that the sea would surge while the mand drowned in it.? (P.59~60)This means that Juana knew that Kino is fighting with society and would collapse. Kino accepted this when Coyotito, Kinos son, died. This shows that men rush into things carelessly. I think that women desires of men and men desires of women. Like Juana loved and needed Kino and thought,?And yet it was this thing that made him a man, half insane and half god, and Juana had need of a man; she could not live without a man. Although she might be puzzled by these differences between man and woman, she knew them and accepted them and needed them? (P.60)As the quote explains that a women like Juana want and need a man like Kino. ? In Kinos head there was asong now, clear and soft, and if he had been able to speak of it, he would have called it the Song of the Family.?(P.2)The Song of the Family shows the love of his family, Juana and Coyotito. Kino fell in love with Juana and the love of needing shown in the Song of the Family. Therefore Men and women are have different thoughts and taught unequally. I figured what Steinbeck was trying to show about men and women how Juana and Kinos thoughts about the pearl were different. Juana had wise decisions which meant women dont makeproblems than men make.So I agree with Steinbecks suggestion thatoften selfish than woman. When Kino said, ?No one shall take our good fortune from us,? (p.57) he only thought about himself and made everyone his enemy. Juana desires of man and women tend to be quite different.

Manage Finance within a Budget Hotel Business

Questions: 1. How do you think this business could be divided into cost centres? Why might the organisation choose to make these divisions?2. How will budgets contribute to operational efficiency and what types of budget might be appropriate for such an organisation? Why?3. For each of the areas in the hotel, what direct and indirect costs would be applied and why must they be considered when drawing up budgets and developing financial reports?4. What financial reports might be of benefit to this establishment? Why?5. What types of waste might it be necessary to carefully monitor and control and why would this be necessary?6. Who should be responsible for collecting, inputting and recording the data that contributes to budgets and who should be responsible for monitoring budgets to determine how well performance is meeting expectations? Why?7.What types of budget deviation might occur and what should be done if deviations are identified? Answers: 1. The hotel business cost centre could be divided in guest service cost centre and restaurant cost centre. The hotel business mainly provides room service, drinks and food to its guest. Thus, segregating the cost within the guest service and restaurant could effectively help the company to distinguish in their expenses. In addition, as the cost that is required in restaurant and guest service is not relatively same segregation could help n reducing expenditure and improve its profitability. Jooste, Mothiba and Nolte (2014) mentioned that use of cost centres in hotel mainly helps in reducing the overall excess costs, which might be conducted to generate sales. 2. The small hotel like this could effectively use operating budget and cash flow budget, which could be changed in short-term to support the operational needs. In addition, the operating budget could mainly help the hotel to prepare a monthly budget to support its production activities. Lam, Yeung and Cheng (2016) stated that monthly budget is mainly prepared to compensate the ongoing financial revenue and expenditure conducted by the company. In addition, with the implementation of cash flow budget the small hotel business could identify the cash productivity, which could be used to maintain its productivity. Using operating and cash flow budget could help in reducing resource wastage, which in might improve its profitability. 3. The overall direct costs are mainly divided into direct material and labour, which is been used in the hotel. In addition, a restaurant, cafeteria, a piano bar, lounge bar and front bar has only direct costs as liquor and food served to the customers. However, the indirect costs are electricity cost, rent, salaries and other expenses incurred. Moreover, the motel complex of the hotel has direct cost on the expense, which is been conducted on rooms. The identification of indirect and direct cost mainly helps in preparing the budget, which could help in reducing the indirect ad direct (Hadjikakou, Chenoweth and Miller 2013). In addition, segregation of these might help in depicting the actual cost and financial stability of the company. 4. All the three financial report, which is balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement might benefit to the small business. In addition, with the help of balance sheet the overall assets and liabilities of the company could be measured. This could help in depicting the operational capability of the company. In addition, the income statement might mainly help in depicting the profits or loss, which is been incurred by the company. Furthermore, the cash flow statement could help in depicting the current liquidity of the company and its ability to maintain the level of productivity. Lobo and Zhao (2013) mentioned that financial report allows hotel to take adequate decisions, which might help in improving its future scope. 5.The major waste that might be produced from the hotel is from food production. In addition, it is relativity known that 45% of the food waste might be generated from hotels, which could increase their overall expenditure. Furthermore, other waste occurs from rooms that is been used by customers. Pirani and Arafat (2014) stated that waste reduction could help in reducing cost and increasing profits of the hotel. 6. The financial planner and budget coordinator is mainly responsible for collecting and inputting the data required for preparing the budget. In addition, with the help of these collected data effectively budget is prepared. Moreover, the financial head is mainly responsible for monitoring the budget that is been implemented by the company. The financial head mainly evaluate the performance and expectation to derive the viability of budget, which is been prepared for the company. This viability detection of the budget mainly helps in depicting variances of the budget, which in turn help in identifying ability of the financial planner and budget controller (Ketema 2015). 7. There are mainly three types of deviation namely sales deviation, variable cost deviation and fixed cost deviation, which might occur in a budget. These deviations are mainly occurred if the projected values differ from actual output obtained by the company. In addition, if the deviation is incurred the company could effectively use variance analysis to evaluate the debt of deviation between actual and budgetary amount and then make adequate assumption in preparing the next budget. Furthermore, the company could also adjust the existing budget to maintain the level of productivity and attain the depicted profitability (Denison and Guo 2015). Reference: Denison, D.V. and Guo, Z., 2015. Local Government Debt Management and Budget Stabilization. InLocal Government Budget Stabilization(pp. 121-139). Springer International Publishing. Hadjikakou, M., Chenoweth, J. and Miller, G., 2013. Estimating the direct and indirect water use of tourism in the eastern Mediterranean.Journal of environmental management,114, pp.548-556. Jooste, K., Mothiba, T.M. and Nolte, A.G.W., 2014. The paradoxical effects of being a cost centre manager at a public hospital in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Ketema, M., 2015.Assessment of Budget Preparation and Utilization: Case of Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau(Doctoral dissertation, AAU). Lam, H.K., Yeung, A.C. and Cheng, T.E., 2016. The impact of firms social media initiatives on operational efficiency and innovativeness.Journal of Operations Management. Lobo, G.J. and Zhao, Y., 2013. Relation between audit effort and financial report misstatements: Evidence from quarterly and annual restatements.The Accounting Review,88(4), pp.1385-1412. Pirani, S.I. and Arafat, H.A., 2014. Solid waste management in the hospitality industry: A review.Journal of environmental management,146, pp.320-336.